Learning theories are attempts to explain the processes that take place during learning. Learning theories are based on different world views that were widespread during the 20th and 21st centuries.
Behaviorism (1950s to 1970s) takes a functional view of learning. Learning is understood as a changed reaction to environmental stimuli. Behaviorism claims to be based exclusively on observable behavior that can be reproduced in experiments.
In constructivism (from the 1980s onwards), learning is attributed to internal (and non-observable) processes. Learning comes about through the learner’s own activity. Learning means that new knowledge is actively incorporated into existing mental structures.
Cognitivism (from the 1980s and 1990s) studies learning based on concepts like working memory, long-term memory, and attention. Learning is seen here from the perspective of information processing.
Connectivism is a current trend in learning research, emphasizing the social component of learning. Although not a traditional learning theory, connectivism consciously rejects an isolated view of learning.
These theories emerged in different decades of the 20th and 21st centuries and were developed in deliberate contrast to one another. There is no universally accepted theory.
Regarding learning with animations, cognitive approaches such as Cognitive Load Theory can provide detailed guidelines for instructional design. This is due to the relatively large number of studies conducted on learning with animations in this area.